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Concord, California
Concord is the largest city in Contra Costa County, California, USA. As of the
2000 census, the city had a total population of 121,780. Originally founded
in 1869 as the community of Todos Santos by Don Salvio Pacheco, the name was
changed to Concord within months. The city is a major regional suburban East
Bay center within the San Francisco Bay Area, located just 31 miles (50 km)
east of San Francisco.
Geography
Concord is located at 37°58'4?N, 122°0'54?W (37.967825, -122.015135)GR1. In terms of traveling distance on the ground, it is 29 miles (47 km) northeast of San Francisco, California, 22 miles (35 km) northeast from Oakland, California, 65 miles (105 km) southwest of Sacramento, California, and 51 miles (82 km) north of San Jose, California.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 30.1 square miles (78.1 km²), all of it land.
The focal point of downtown Concord is Todos Santos Plaza, which encompasses an entire city block and is known for its farmers market, free summer concerts, and large number of surrounding restaurants. Much of the area immediately around downtown has recently been redeveloped, with new high-density apartment and condominium projects to take advantage of the close proximity to public transportation and the vibrant area surrounding the park.
To the north and east of downtown is the older residential area of Concord, with many homes dating back to before World War II. In the far northern edge of town is a primarily industrial area, dominated by the Tesoro Golden Eagle refinery (which is actually not located within city limits). The southeastern area of the city, centered along Clayton Road, is primarily residential and was mostly developed in the 1960s and 1970s. In the southwest area of the city is the primarily Latino neighborhood known as Four Corners, centered around the intersection of Monument Boulevard and Oak Grove Road.
Concord is bordered on the west by Pleasant Hill and the unincorporated community of Pacheco, on the south by Walnut Creek, on the southeast by Clayton, on the northeast by Pittsburg and the unincorporated community of Bay Point, and on the north by the unincorporated community of Clyde. Though they don't share a border, Martinez (the county seat) is located almost immediately adjacent to Concord on the northwest.
History
The valleys north of Mount Diablo were inhabited by the Miwok people, who hunted elk and fished in the numerous streams flowing from the mountain into the San Francisco Bay. In 1772 Spanish explorers began to cross the area, but did not settle here. In 1834 the land surrounding Mount Diablo was granted to Don Salvio Pacheco (for whom the nearby town of Pacheco is named).
Concord was founded under the name of Todos Santos (a name still borne by the central city plaza and park between Willow Pass Road and Salvio Street), on the initiative of Pacheco in 1869. It achieved prominence in the 19th century as a result of most residents of Pacheco relocating to Concord to avoid the devastation of fire and flood which crippled Pacheco's formerly booming economy. Concord was incorporated on February 5, 1905.
The area around Concord in the surrounding Ygnacio and Clayton Valleys was a large agricultural area. Crops that were grown included grapes, walnuts, wheat, hay, and even tomatoes. The area to the east (site of the Concord Naval Weapons Station) was the site of a few enormous wheat ranches over 5,000 acres (20 km²), and was almost a sea of wheat all the way to the marshes bordering Suisun Bay. During Prohibition, many vineyards were removed and replaced with walnut orchards. The town of Cowell, now incorporated into Concord, produced cement.
Port Chicago Disaster
The munitions on board a Navy ship exploded while being loaded during World War II resulting in the largest number of casualties among African Americans in any one incident during that war.
On the evening of July 17, 1944, a ship packed with munitions and explosives was docked at the port when a massive explosion rocked the night sky. All 320 soldiers on duty were killed instantly. Buildings were damaged 30 miles away in San Francisco. The Navy sent sailors to put out the fire and restore order to the Concord Naval Weapons Station, which then had a town nearby called Port Chicago.
Of the 320 men killed, nearly two-thirds were African American. The Navy was racially segregated and white officers ordered black sailors to move bombs without training in munitions handling. The families of the African American and white sailors who died grieved for their loved ones. Of the 328 remaining men in the Ordnance Battalion, 258 African Americans refused to continue loading ammunition, an event called the Port Chicago Mutiny. All soldiers who participated in the mutiny were court marshalled, and all were given bad conduct discharges and ordered to forfeit 3 months pay for disobeying orders.
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